Email this article 
Hide
Show all
Open Access
Subscription or Fee Access
Elevated Blood Pressure, Abnormal Urinalysis and Body Mass Index as Screening Tools for Latent Kidney Diseades Among Adolescents in Sagamu
Abstract
Background: The prevalence of non-communicable diseases, such as chronic kidney diseases, is on the increase globally. Therefore, early identification of these conditions through routine screening is desired as a preventive measure.
Objectives: To determine the prevalence of elevated blood pressure among adolescents and relate it to abnormal urinalysis and blood sugar patterns.
Methods: A cross-sectional descriptive study of adolescent secondary school students in Sagamu was carried out. The subjects were selected through random sampling method. Using standard methods, weight, height and blood pressure were recorded and the body mass index (BMI) was calculated. The blood pressure measurements were grouped into pre-hypertension and hypertension using standard charts. Dipsticks and glucometer respectively were used to examine urine and determine random blood glucose levels. Statistical analyses were done to determine the variables associated with elevated blood pressure.
Results: A total of 572 subjects comprising 279 (48.8%) males and 293 (51.2%) females were screened. One hundred and fifty -one (26.4%) were underweight while 4.5% had abnormal urinalysis [urobilinogen (34.6%) and proteinuria (26.9%)]. Pre—hypertension was present in 7.9% and Stage 1 hypertension in 1.7%. Systolic blood pressure was significantly associated with high BMI. Age and abnormal urinalysis (proteinuria) were also associated with and predicted elevated blood pressure.
Conclusion: Elevated blood pressure is associated with abnormal urinalysis; both conditions are identifiable risk factors for kidney diseases in our environment. We therefore advocate inclusion of periodic blood pressure checks and urinalysis included in the school health program.
Keywords
References
Afolabi MO, Abioye-Kuteyi EA, Arogundade FA, Bello IS. Prevalence of chronic kidney disease in a Nigerian family practice population. South Afr Fam Pract 2009; 51(2):132-137.
Neema MK, Luke RS, Jacob ET, Emily YC, Daniel WF, Kevin JP et al. Kidney disease among children in sub-Saharan Africa: systematic review. Paediatr Res 2015; 77: 272-281. doi :10.1038/pr.2014.189.
Utsch B and Klaus G. Urinalysis in children and adolescents. Dtsch Arzbebl Int 2014; 111(37): 617-626. DOI:10.3238/arzztebl.2014.0617.
Gorriz JL, Martinez –Castelao A. Proteinuria: detection and role in native renal disease progression. Transplant Rev 2012; 26 1:3-13. doi:10.1016/j.trre.2011.10.002.
Keane WF. Proteinuria: its clinical importance and role in progressive renal disease. Am J Kidney Dis 2000; 35 (4 suppl 1): S97-S105.
National Kidney Foundation. Assessment of proteinuria. Executive summaries of 2000 Updates. Kidney Disease Outcome Quality Initiative. Clinical Practice Guidelines for Chronic Kidney Disease: Evaluation, classification and stratification Part 5. Evaluation of laboratory mesurements for clinical assessment of chronic kidney disease. 2013.
Asani MO, Bode-Thomas F. The prevalence of asymptomatic proteinuria among primary school children in Jos, Nigeria. Sahel Medical Journal 2004; 7(1) :10-12.
Akor F, Okolo SN, Agaba EI, Okolo A. Urine examination findings in apparently healthy new school entrants in Jos, Nigeria. South Afr J Child Health 2009; 3(2): 60-62.
Onyesom I, Owe OT, Etumah OS, Ifie EJ. Correlations between body mass index and blood glucose levels among some Nigerian undergraduates. Herbert Open Access Journal Biology 2013. DOI: http//dx.doi.org/10.7243/2050-0874-2-4 Accessed on July 29, 2015.
Ikuo N, Johji K, Kazuo K. Association between body mass index and chronic kidney disease: A population–based, cross sectional study of Japanese community. Vasc Health Risk Manag 2009; 5: 315-320. DOI http:dx.doi.org/10.2147/VHRM.S5522.
National High Blood Pressure Education Working Group on High Blood Pressure in Children and Adolescents. The Fourth report on the diagnosis, evaluation and treatment of high blood pressure in children and adolescents. Paediatr 2004; 114: 555-576.
National Population Commission. National Population Census 2007.
Awosan KI, Ibrahim MTO, Essien E, Yusuf AA, Okolo A C Dietary pattern, life style, nutritional status and prevalence of hypertension among traders in Sokoto central market, Sokoto, Nigeria. Int J Nutri Metab 2014; 6 (1): 9-17.
Centre for Disease Control and Prevention Growth Chart. United States Body Mass Index for age percentile. 2000.
Akuse R, Ibrahim A, Bugaje M, Yakubu A, Raji J, Ebene E et al. World Kidney Day –Don’t forget the children. Int J Nephrol 2012; 6(2): 1-6. Accessed online June 2015.
Odetunde OI, Neboh EE, Chinawa JM, Okafor HU, Odetunde OA et al: Elevated Blood Pressure and body mass index among Nigerian preschool children population: BMC Paediatr 2014; 14: 64 http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2431/14/64) Accessed June 15th 2015:
Oyewole OO, Oritogun KS: Prehypertension and hypertension in qdolescence :how much does it occur in a Nigerian community: West Afr J Med 2012; 31(2): 71-75:
Okagua J, Anochie IC, Akanni NA: Adolescent blood pressure pattern in Rivers State Nigeria: A rural -urban comparison: Niger J Paediatr 2015; 42(1): 21-27:
Oduwole AA, Ladapo TA, Fajolu IB, Ekanem E, Adeniyi OF: Obesity and elevated blood pressure among adolescents in Lagos Nigeria : A cross sectional study: BMC Public Health 2012;12: 616:
Durrani M, Waseem F: Blood pressure distribution and its relation to anthropometric measurements among school children in Aligah Indian: J Public Health 2011; 55: 121-124.
Ujunwa FA, Ikefuna AN , Nwokocha ARC; Chinawa JM: Hypertension and pre hypertension among adolescents in secondary schools in Enugu South –East Nigeria: Italian J Paediatr 2013; 39:70 DOI 10.1186/1824-7288-39-70.Accessed June 29 2015:
Refbacks
- There are currently no refbacks.
Copyright (c) 2016 Annals of Health Research
A publication of the Medical and Dental Consultants Association of Nigeria, Olabisi Onabanjo University Teaching Hospital, (OOUTH) Sagamu Branch, Nigeria